Negotiation

1) Negotiation is a method by which people settle differences. It is a process by which compromise or agreement is achieved while avoiding any unnecessary arguments.

2) There are 5 negotiation styles:

>Competitive Style

Competitive personalities are results-driven. They are focused and assertive in their communication and often aggressive. Competitive negotiators are strategic thinkers therefore have very little time for relax.

>Collaboration Style

Collaborative negotiators are open and honest, and understand the concerns and interests of the other party. They like to find creative solutions to make sure both parties are satisfied.

>Compromising Style

A compromising negotiator’s main concern is doing what is fair for both parties and finding middle ground. They would compromise on your own outcome to satisfy the other party.

>Avoiding Style

Avoiding personalities really dislike negotiations. Negotiators may try to avoid situations that may result in conflict as they find them intimidating and stressful by staying behind the scenes of a negotiation. 

>Accommodating Style

Accommodating negotiators spend a great deal of time building and maintaining relationships with the other party. They are highly sensitive to the emotions, relationships and body language within the negotiation situation.

3) The process of negotiation includes the following stages:

1. Preparation

Before any negotiation takes place, a decision needs to be taken as to when and where a meeting will take place to discuss the problem and who will attend. Setting a limited time-scale can also be helpful to prevent the disagreement continuing.

2. Discussion

During this stage, individuals or members of each side put forward the case as they see it, like their understanding of the situation.

3. Clarifying Goals

From the discussion, the goals, interests and viewpoints of both sides of the disagreement need to be clarified.

4. Negotiate Towards a Win-Win Outcome

This stage focuses on what is termed a 'win-win' outcome where both sides feel they have gained something positive through the process of negotiation and both sides feel their point of view has been taken into consideration.

5. Agreement

Agreement can be achieved once understanding of both sides’ viewpoints and interests have been considered.

6. Implementing a Course of Action

From the agreement, a course of action has to be implemented to carry through the decision.

4) Characteristics of negotiation:

>There are two or more parties,

>There is a conflict of interest of the two or more parties,

>The parties negotiate because they think they can use some form of influence to get a better deal that way than by simply taking what the other side will voluntarily give them or let them have,

>The parties, at least for the moment, prefer to search for agreement,

>When we negotiate, we expect give and take,

>Successful negotiation involves the management of intangibles as well as the resolving of tangibles.

5) Positive effect:

Even before the negotiation process starts, people in a positive mood have more confidence and higher tendencies to plan to use a cooperative strategy. During the negotiation, negotiators who are in a positive mood tend to enjoy the interaction more, show less contentious behavior, use less aggressive tactics and more cooperative strategies. This in turn increases the likelihood that parties will reach their instrumental goals and enhance the ability to find integrative gains. Indeed, compared with negotiators with negative or natural effectivity, negotiators with positive effectivity reached more agreements and tended to honor those agreements more. Those favorable outcomes are due to better decision making processes, such as flexible thinking, creative problem solving, respect for others' perspectives, willingness to take risks and higher confidence. Post negotiation positive affect has beneficial consequences as well. It increases satisfaction with achieved outcome and influences one's desire for future interactions. The positive effects aroused by reaching an agreement facilitates the dyadic relationship, which result in effective commitment that sets the stage for subsequent interactions.

Negative effect:

Negative affect has detrimental effects on various stages in the negotiation process. Although various negative emotions affect negotiation outcomes, by far the most researched is anger. Angry negotiators plan to use more competitive strategies and to cooperate less, even before the negotiation starts. These competitive strategies are related to reduced joint outcomes. During negotiations, anger disrupts the process by reducing the level of trust, clouding parties' judgment, narrowing parties' focus of attention and changing their central goal from reaching agreement to retaliating against the other side. Angry negotiators pay less attention to opponent's interests and are less accurate in judging their interests, thus achieve lower joint gains. Moreover, because anger makes negotiators more self-centered in their preferences, it increases the likelihood that they will reject profitable offers. Anger does not help in achieving negotiation goals either: it reduces joint gains and does not help to boost personal gains, as angry negotiators do not succeed in claiming more for themselves. Moreover, negative emotions lead to acceptance of settlements that are not in the positive utility function but rather have a negative utility. However, expression of negative emotions during negotiation can sometimes be beneficial: legitimately expressed anger can be an effective way to show one's commitment, sincerity and needs. Moreover, although negative effect reduces gains in integrative tasks, it is a better strategy than positive effect in distributive tasks (such as zero-sum).

Technology Usage in Communication and Meeting

How technology affects communication positively and negatively?
Positive Effect:
Because of the technology, we are capable to acquire another skills, information and, education that we may won’t be able to get from our society or environment, for the example because of the smartphone that people can do almost everything, and of course supported by internet connection we could search almost everything that we need on the internet for a simple example, if we don't know how to make something, we could just search it on the internet and we could learn from it.

Negative Effect:
The development of technology is growing up so fast and almost cannot be controlled, many invention have been invented to make our work could be done easily, because of that technology has negative effect, for an easy example: people almost usually lazy because there is so many tools or programs that has been invented to make our work easier.


Why listening is such a big challenge for most people? Explain by giving answer!
Many people think listening is an easy job, but it isn’t. It is simply a not easy job because when you listening to people you need to pay attention carefully and maybe as a listener you don't know fully the utterances that speakers says, if you are listening to someone make sure you make a commitment with yourself to hear every word that he/she says, and reply by giving responses if he/she asked too. By listening to someone, you are indirectly receive a new information that you are intended or unintended maybe a new education or skills, but you have to listen carefully and process all of those words with more carefully.

Meeting Invitation 2

Meeting Invitation 2

Meeting Invitation

Meeting Invitation

Meeting

1. Purpose of Meeting

There are purpose why meetings are held :

- To sort out any conflicts.

- To negotiate a contract or agreement, or matters to do with it.

- To deal with a current problem within the group or within the business or organisation.

- To receive a report for assessment and review.

- To supply information to those present or to canvas views of those present on the particular matter at hand 

2. Types of Meeting

A) Report- and Information-oriented

This kind of meeting requires the most advance preparation. Leadership is very important, because these meetings easily become boring and tend to be filled with too much information. If more than one person will be speaking, try to review the other presentations beforehand, to see if they can be pared down. This pre-planning will reflect well on you. Some conferences that overload on information use small discussion groups, which allow people time to digest and sort out information.

B) Decision-making and Problem-solving

These meetings are tricky because all their aspects demand a display of leadership from the chairperson: where people are sitting, who gets the floor, how long the meeting lasts, and so on. You should make succinct summaries of progress during the meeting. Don't let people get off track, and watch the time carefully.

C) Creative and Brainstorming

These meetings tend to be free-flowing and minimize your leadership role. But you can still exercise leadership by establishing the right atmosphere—one in which people feel free to come up with new slogans, ways to save money, and so on.

D) Training and Skill-building

Really prepare for these meetings in advance. You'll need to make them long enough so that people will be able to really get involved. Save time for the practicing that the members of your audience will need to reinforce what they are learning.

3. What makes a great meeting?

What makes a great meeting? The best of them leave us focused and energized because the purpose of the meeting was clear; attendees felt engaged; and the process was smooth. Not-so-great meetings, on the other hand, drain energy, and lower morale. 

Here are some tips to make a great meeting:

- Set a Time That Works

Choose a time of day when people are not likely to be tired, hungry, or otherwise distracted.

- Set an Agenda

An agenda helps spell out the items and issues to be discussed and the results that everyone expects. For some groups, reports from officers, approval of minutes from a previous meeting, and reports from subcommittees are routine for general meetings. There may be specific old and new business. In other situations, a meeting may focus on making decisions or recommendations on a series of issues.

- Have Some Discussion

Discussing topics sometimes takes more time than you would like. Although there are ways to keep a discussion moving, it is essential that the person running the meeting preside impartially. Make sure that people who disagree have a chance to state their cases.

- State Your Point of View

If you disagree with a proposal, don't assume that you should be quiet just because no one else has said anything. State your concerns courteously, clearly, and constructively.

- Set up Time to Summarize 

Build in time at appropriate points during the meeting and especially at the end of the meeting to very briefly review and summarize what has taken place. If your meeting has dealt with complex or far-ranging topics, this is particularly important.

 4. Successful Business Meeting

• Start with the definition.  A meeting is a business activity where select people gather to perform work that requires a team effort.
• A meeting, like any business event, succeeds when it is preceded by planning, characterized by focus, governed by structure, and controlled by a budget.
• Short meetings free people to work on the essential activities that represent the core of their jobs. In contrast, long meetings prevent people from working on critical tasks such as planning, communicating, and learning.
• Three things guarantee an unproductive meeting: poor planning, lack of appropriate process, and hostile culture. Effective leaders attend to all of these to create an effective meeting.
• Effective meetings require sharing control and making commitments.
• Meetings are an investment of resources and time that should earn a profit.
• A meeting can be led from any chair in the room. And if it’s your meeting, you want it to be your chair.