Direct and Indirect Speech

What is direct and indirect speech?

Saying exactly what someone has said is called direct speech (sometimes called quoted speech).

Here what a person says appears within quotation marks ("...") and should be word for word.

For example:

Roger said to me, "I play tennis in your backyard."

Indirect speech (sometimes called reported speech), doesn't use quotation marks to enclose what the person said and it doesn't have to be word for word.

For example:

Roger said to me that he played tennis in my backyard.

Tense changes

Statements

DIRECT	>	INDIRECT
Simple Present	>	Simple Past
(S + V1)	>	(S + V2)
1) Arnold said, "I  play as a terminator."	>	1) Arnold said that he played as a terminator.
2) Jack said, "Sparrow is my best friend."	>	2) Jack said that Sparrow was his best friend.
Present Continuous	>	Past Continuous
(S + am/is/are + V-ing)	>	(S + was/were + V-ing)
1) Johnny said, "I am playing games with Bravo."	>	1) Johnny said that he was playing games with Bravo.
2) Tom said, "Jerry and Spike are sitting on the couch."	>	2) Tom said that Jerry and Spike were sitting on the couch.
Present Perfect	>	Past Perfect
(S + have/has + V3)	>	(S + had + V3)
1) Sylvester said, "I have taken my dinner."	>	1) Sylvester said that he had taken his dinner.
2) Stallone said to Rambo, "Rocky hasn't called you yet."	>	2) Stallone said to Rambo that Rocky hadn't called him yet.
Present Perfect Continuous	>	Past Perfect Continuous
(S + have/has + been + V-ing)	>	(S + had + been + V-ing)
1) Brook said to Pedro, "Tamago has been waiting for you for the duel today."	>	1) Brook said to Pedro that Tamago had been waiting for him for the duel that day.
2) Yurnero said to Lina, "I have been looking my sword since this morning."	>	2) Yurnero said to Lina that he had been looking his sword since that morning.
Simple Past	>	Past Perfect
(S + V2)	>	(S + had + V3)
1) Ichigo said, "Aizen was a good guy to me."	>	1) Ichigo said that Aizen had been a good guy to him.
2) Naruto said, "I ate ramen together with Iruka just now."	>	2) Naruto said that he had eaten ramen together with Iruka just now."
Past Continuous	>	Past Perfect Continuous
(S + was/were + V-ing)	>	(S + had + been + V-ing)
1) Stark said to Rogers, "Me and Banner were creating Ultron."	>	1) Stark said to Rogers that he and Banner had been creating Ultron.
2) Odin said to Thor, "Loki was asking for your help."	>	2) Odin said to Hela that Loki had been asking for her help.
Past Perfect	>	Past Perfect
(S + had + V3)	>	(S + had + V3)
1) Ryan said, "Reynolds had been a good teacher."	>	1) Ryan said that Reynolds had been a good teacher.
2) Hugh said to Jackman, "I had finished my training since last week."	>	2) Hugh said to Jackman that he had finished his training since a week ago."
Past Perfect Continuous	>	Past Perfect Continuous
(S + had + been + V-ing)	>	(S + had + been + V-ing)
1) Connor said, "Achilles had been hiding something from me for months.	>	1) Connor said that Achilles had been hiding something from him for months.
2) Troy said, "I had been fighting along with Sparta for decades."	>	2) Troy said that he had been fighting along with Sparta for decades."
Future Continuous	>	Past Future Continuous
(S + will + be + V-ing)	>	(S + would + be + V-ing)
1) Michael said, "I will be staying in Jordan's house for 2 days.	>	1) Michael said that he would be staying in Jordan's house for 2 days.
2) Kobe said to Bryant, "We will be practicing Basketball in schoolyard tomorrow.	>	2) Kobe said to Bryant that they will be practicing basketball in schoolyard the next day.

Questions 

DIRECT (Question)	>	INDIRECT (Statement)
Adam asked Adele, "Do you see the bomb?"	>	Adam asked Adele if she saw the bomb (or not).
Tupac asked Rihanna, "Are you listening to my song?"	>	Tupac asked Rihanna if she was listening to his song (or not).
My dad asked me, "Have you done your homework yet?"	>	My dad asked me whether I had done my homework (or not).
My teacher asked me, "Have you been doing well?"	>	My teacher asked me if I had been doing well (or not).
Matt asked Zacky, "Will you come with me?"	>	Matt asked Zacky whether he would go with him (or not).

Someone asked me, "Where is the nearest bus stop?"	>	Someone asked me where was the nearest bus stop.
Laxus asked Lucy, "What is Natsu's cat name?"	>	Laxus asked Lucy what Natsu's cat name was.
Eren wanted to know, "Why are you here Jean?"	>	Eren wanted to know why Jean were there.
Natasha wondered, "How does Wanda have that power?"	>	Natasha wondered how come Wanda had this power.
Scott asked Sam, "Who are our enemies?"	>	Scott asked Sam who their enemies were.
Stephen asked Wong, "When can I read the book of Cagliostro?"	>	Stephen asked Wong when he could read the book of Cagliostro.

Imperatives

DIRECT (Imperatives)	>	INDIRECT (Statement)
My mother asked to me, "Wash these dishes!"	>	My mother asked me to wash those dishes.
The captain said his men, "Attack from front and sides!	>	The captain ordered his men to attack from the front and sides.
Luffy told Zoro, "Wait for us in Wano Kingdom!"	>	Luffy told Zoro to wait for them in Wano Kingdom.
Makarov said to Gildarts, "Help Grey and Juvia for tomorrow's quest!"	>	Makarov requested Gildarts to help Grey and Juvia for the next day's quest.
Mourinho said to Martial, "Break their defence on the right side!"	>	Mourinho ordered Martial to break their defence on the right side.
Valencia said to Young, "Help Blind with his training."	>	Valencia requested Young to help Blind with his training.
Leonardo said to Raphael, "Don't drink too much!"	>	Leonardo advised Raphael to not drink too much.
Donatello said to Michelangelo, "Take a rest!"	>	Donatello advised Michelangelo to take a rest.
Putin told his bodyguards, "Stay there and wait for the signal!"	>	Putin commanded his bodyguards to stay here and wait for the signal.
The squad leader said, "Don't fire unless fired upon!"	>	The squad leader ordered to not fire unless fired upon.

My father told me, "Pass me the salt and pepper!"

>

My father told me to pass him the salt and pepper.

Sources:

https://www.learnenglish.de/grammar/reportedspeech.html

http://www.ef.com/english-resources/english-grammar/direct-and-indirect-speech/

http://www.studyandexam.com/direct-indirect-speech.html

http://www.ef.com/english-resources/english-grammar/question-forms-and-reported-speech/

http://www.studyandexam.com/indirect-speech-imperative-exclamatory.html

Conditional Sentences

What Are Conditional Sentences?

Conditional sentences (also known as conditional clauses or if clauses) are made up of two halves. One half (the half with the word if in) is a condition, and the other half (the main clause) states the action to occur if the condition is fulfilled.

There are three types of conditional sentence:

>Type 1:

Type 1 sentences are used when it is likely that the condition will be fulfilled.

If + S + V1, S + will + V1

Examples:

1. If Jack goes to the market, he will meet Mr. Sparrow.

2. If I enter football academy, my parents will be proud

3. If my father doesn't feel well, he will take a rest.

Without using if:

1. Should Jack go to the market, he will meet Mr. Sparrow.

2. Should I enter football academy, my parents will be proud.

3. Should my father not feel well, he will take a rest.

>Type 2:

Type 2 sentences are used when it is unlikely that the condition will be fulfilled.

If + S + V2, S + would + V1

Examples:

1. If Michael had so much money, he would buy Lamborghini.

2. If Pedro didn't suicide, he would be alive.

3. If dragon were real, it would be viral in the media.

Without using if:

1. Michael wouldn't buy Lamborghini unless he had so much money.

2. I wish Pedro didn't suicide, he would be alive.

3. Were dragons real, it would be viral in the media.

>Type 3:

Type 3 sentences are used when it is impossible for condition to be fulfilled because the possibility has already passed.

If + S + had + V3, S + would + have + V3

Examples:

1. If Connor Kenway had trained so hard, he would have been so strong and deadly.

2. If Laxus hadn't opposed with Makarov, he would have had the respect in the guild.

3. If Dave had seen the ball, he would have avoided it.

Without using if:

1. Had Connor Kenway trained so hard, he would have been so strong and deadly.

2. Had Laxus not opposed with Makarov, he would have had the respect in the guild.

3. Had Dave seen the ball, he would have avoided it.

Sources:

https://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/conditional-sentences

http://www.grammar-monster.com/glossary/conditional_sentences.htm

https://www.englishgrammar.org/conditional-clauses/

http://dictionary.cambridge.org/grammar/british-grammar/common-verbs/wish

Active and Passive

What is active/passive voice?

To know whether you are writing in the active or passive voice, identify the subject of the sentence and decide whether the subject is doing the action or being acted upon.

Passive Voice: the subject is the receiver of the action.

The tax return (subject) was completed (action) before the April 15 deadline by Mr. Doe.

Active Voice: the subject does an action to an object.

Mr. Doe (subject) completed (action) the tax return (object) before the April 15 deadline.

Simple present tense Verb form: first form of the verb

Examples
They speak English here.
He speaks English.

Verb form: is / am / are + past participle form of the verb

Examples
English is spoken here.
English is spoken by him.


Present continuous tense Verb form: is/am/are + -ing form of the verb

Examples
She is writing a letter.
I am learning my lessons.

You are making a cake.

Verb form: is/am/are + being + past participle form of the verb

Examples
A letter is being written by her.
My lessons are being learnt by me.
A cake is being made by you.


Present perfect tense

Verb form: has/have + past participle form of the verb

Examples:
I have written a novel.
She has finished the job.
You have written letters.

Verb form: has/have + been + past participle form of the verb

Examples:
A novel has been written by me.
The job has been finished by her.
Letters have been written by you.

Simple past

Verb form: past tense form of the verb

Examples:
I wrote a letter.
Ram broke a glass.
You missed the chance.

Verb form: was/were + past participle form of the verb

Examples:
A letter was written by me.
A glass was broken by Ram.
The chance was missed by you.


Past continuous tense

Verb form: was/were + -ing form of the verb

Examples
I was learning my lessons.
She was writing a report.
They were making toys.

Verb form: was/were + being + past participle form of the verb

Examples
My lessons were being learnt by me.
A report was being written by her.
Toys were being made by them.


Past perfect tense

Verb form: had + past participle form of the verb

Examples
I had finished the project.
She had learned her lessons.

Verb form: had + been + past participle form of the verb

Examples:
The project had been finished by me.
Her lessons had been learned by her.

Source:

http://www.plainlanguage.gov/howto/quickreference/dash/dashactive.cfm

https://www.englishgrammar.org/active-passive-voice-overview-chart/

Common and Illegal Questions during interview for work

Examples of common or legal questions:

1. What department do you apply and why do you interested on it?
2. Could you show me you capabilities?
3. Why should we hire you?
4. How much salary did you demand?
5. What do you know about our company?
6. Are you the best person for this job? Why?
7. Describe a difficult experience at work and how did you handle that?
8. How would you describe yourself?
9. What are you going to do if your boss made a mistake?
10. If the people who know you were asked why you should be hired, what would you say ?
11. What are the education that you had taken?
12. Are your experienced enough for this job?
13. Do you have licenses and certifications for this job?
14. Are you willing to be placed to another state?
15. Are you available for overtime work?
16. Why did you chose this company?
17. Could you tell me about your past-work experiences?
18. Do you have any weaknesses?
19. Are you qualified for this job?
20. Could you show me what are you going to do to handle any issues?

Examples of illegal questions:

1. Have you been arrested before?
2. What is your sexual preference?
3. What is your religion?
4. Are you married?
5. Had you ever done any crime before?

Contoh Surat Lamaran

Jakarta, 15 January 2017

Attention to:

THE HUMAN RESOURCES DIVISION

PT Samsung SDS Global SCL Indonesia

Wisma Slipi, Jl. S Parman, Jakarta Barat

Jakarta

Dear Sir or Madam,

Based on the daily advertising job information in the internet in January 13, 2017 about the job as an administration and marketing sample staff, so with this I volunteered to fill in the position.

I have completed my undergraduate studies in Gunadarma University took English Lectures and Linguistics major, and believe have the ability required for the job.

My current age is 21 years old and this opportunity will be my first time being interviewed as a fresh graduated person. In addition, I also speak English well and able to operate computer programs like Microsoft PowerPoint and Microsoft Excel also Adobe Photoshop.

For your consideration, I have attached a curriculum vitae of me.

Full Name                 : Inra Tamtomo

Place / Date of Birth : *insert place and date of birth here*

Address                     : *insert address here*

No. Phone / Email     : *insert phone number here* / *insert email address here*

Marital Status            : Single

Last Education          : Gunadarma University

I am looking forward for the interview, where I can explain all the potential and skill to further myself.

Yours sincerely,

(Inra Tamtomo)